APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD) ANALYSIS IN FORENSIC EXAMINATION
Keywords:
X-ray diffraction, phase composition, identifying and comparing forensic materials, fire-technical expertise, short-circuits, crystal lattices.Abstract
This article analyzes the potential applications of X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods in forensic examination. XRD stands out for its high accuracy, non-destructive analysis, and reproducibility in determining the phase composition of crystalline substances. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of XRD in identifying and comparing forensic materials such as explosives, soil, paints, and pharmaceutical products. Based on international experience and practices in Uzbekistan, the article highlights the reliable use of this method as evidence in judicial and investigative processes. The results confirm the significant scientific and practical value of XRD technology in forensic expertise.
References
1.Cullity, B. D., & Stock, S. R. (2001). Elements of X-Ray Diffraction (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
2.Klug, H. P., & Alexander, L. E. (1974). X-Ray Diffraction Procedures: For Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience.
3.Mendiratta, R. G., & Meinhold, T. J. (2017). "Applications of X-ray diffraction in forensic science." Forensic Science International, 272, 123-134.
4.International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD). PDF-4+ Database. https://www.icdd.com
5.ASTM International. (2022). ASTM E3294-22 Standard Guide for Forensic X-ray Diffraction Analysis. ASTM International.
6.Jenkins, R., & Snyder, R. L. (1996). Introduction to X-ray Powder Diffractometry. Wiley-Interscience.
7.Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2017). Principles of Instrumental Analysis (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
8.PANalytical. (2020). Empyrean X-Ray Diffractometer User Manual. Malvern Panalytical.
9.Rinaldi, A., et al. (2020). X-ray diffraction techniques in fire investigation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65(1), 123-130.
10.Giampaolo Piga M.Sc., Tim J. U. Thompson Ph.D., Assumpciò Malgosa Ph.D., Stefano Enzo M.Sc. (2009). The Potential of X-Ray Diffraction in the Analysis of Burned Remains from Forensic Contexts. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01037.x
