MAIN DYSFUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Abstract
Disturbance of motor functions - in most cases, it occurs as a result of a disorder of the nervous system, that is, disorders in the peripheral nerves, spinal cord and brainstem. Disturbance of movement, its uncertainty, usually occurs due to organic damage to the center and nerve pathways that perform the same function. Disturbance of functional movement is also observed in epileptic paralysis. In rare cases, abnormal movement is observed as a result of congenital malformations, very weak and anatomically incorrect (anomalous) development of the bones of the limbs and spine. In some cases, weak abnormal movement is observed as a result of diseases of the muscular system (myopathy, etc.). The main link (element) in the movement system is the movement analyzers located in the frontal part of the cerebral cortex. These analyzers consist of kinesthetic cells, and the prefrontal structures of the cortex are connected to the midbrain, cerebellum and spinal cord through the pyramidal tract. This connection serves to make the necessary movements precise, smooth and rhythmic. When performing complex movements, the visual and auditory analyzers control the accuracy of movement. In general, movements are of two types: voluntary and involuntary. While voluntary movements occur in humans and animals through the movement centers of the cerebral cortex, involuntary movements are automatically formed in the brain stem and spinal cord. In most cases, movement disorders in adults or young children occur as a result of the complete loss of paralytic movement or partial loss of paretic movement. Paralysis is characterized by the absence of movement in human limbs, for example, limbs, while paresis is characterized by a slight weakening of motor functions. Causes such as infectious diseases, severe injuries, and severe metabolic disorders (sclerosis) lead to disruption of the functioning of the nerve pathways and centers, and the inability of the vascular system to perform the function of normal blood exchange in these areas. Depending on which part of the human body the paralysis occurs, it is distinguished as central or peripheral paralysis. That is, it should also be noted that doctors and specialists make a diagnosis based on which part of the central or peripheral motor neuron is damaged. In some cases, there is also frequent, rhythmic twitching (fluttering, fluttering, jerking) of some small muscles. Such conditions are called myoclonus. In some cases, hyperkinesis, involuntary and involuntary movements similar to visual movements, can also occur in the arms and legs. Such twitching, which has a specific characteristic, is called athetosis. Involuntary and involuntary muscle vibration, similar to seizures, is called tremor. Tremor in the hands, which is common among schoolchildren, is characterized by a rhythmic, snake-like writing in their handwriting. Constantly and uniformly involuntary twitching (moving) muscles are called erect. When this condition occurs on the face, it seems as if a person is deliberately twitching his face, and when it comes to the head, it is characterized by constant movements of the head in the same rhythm. There are also cases of the temporal lobe and similar organs flying. Some types of hyperkinesis are often associated with residual damage to the subcortical structures (striated structures) due to chorea or encephalitis. Some involuntary and involuntary movements may have a functional nature and may be accompanied by neurosis.
