INTERPRETATION OF RELIGIOUS-PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS AND TRADITIONS IN THE WORKS OF ABU RAYHAN AL-BIRUNI

Abstract

This article analyzes Abu Rayhan al-Biruniʼs views on the customs, culture, history, holidays, rituals, and diverse philosophical perspectives of Hinduism and Christianity, based on his works “India” (Kitab al-Hind), “The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries” (Athar al-Baqiya), “Al-Qanun al-Masʼudi”, and “Kitab al-Tafhim li-Awaʼil Sinaʼat al-Tanjim”. Furthermore, it outlines how the author presents the dogmatic foundations, internal sects, and historical interpretations of these religions through an objective and systematic approach.